[104] Jews have inhabited Britain since 1070. There are some sports in which a single team represents the whole of United Kingdom, including the Olympics, where the UK is represented by the Great Britain team. But Britain is unique. The English top division, the Premier League, is the most watched football league in the world. [169], The organisation of local government in England is complex, with the distribution of functions varying according to local arrangements. [579] The UK publishing sector, including books, directories and databases, journals, magazines and business media, newspapers and news agencies, has a combined turnover of around £20 billion and employs around 167,000 people. Wales accounts for less than a tenth (9 per cent) of the total area of the UK, covering 20,779 square kilometres (8,020 sq mi). [513] Others have chosen to live and work in the UK without taking up British citizenship, such as Ezra Pound. [60][61], The adjective "British" is commonly used to refer to matters relating to the United Kingdom and is used in law to refer to United Kingdom citizenship and matters to do with nationality. [139], Around the end of the 20th century there were major changes to the governance of the UK with the establishment of devolved administrations for Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. These are essentially the remains of folded sedimentary rocks that were deposited between 1,000 Ma and 670 Ma over the gneiss on what was then the floor of the Iapetus Ocean. [388], The UK's de facto official language is English.
[225] The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom serves as the highest court of appeal for civil cases under Scots law. [585][586], Association football, tennis, rugby union, rugby league, golf, boxing, netball, rowing and cricket originated or were substantially developed in the UK, with the rules and codes of many modern sports invented and codified in late 19th century Victorian Britain. [85] With the founding of the Royal Society in 1660, science was greatly encouraged. [241] The Armed Forces are charged with protecting the UK and its overseas territories, promoting the UK's global security interests and supporting international peacekeeping efforts. Early modern Britain saw religious conflict resulting from the Reformation and the introduction of Protestant state churches in each country. Emergency financial measures and controls on movement have been put in place, and plans made for a "bailout taskforce" so the government could "take emergency stakes in corporate casualties... in return for equity stakes". “I walked out of the front door and you always have to prepare yourself for some level of attention. Northern Ireland, separated from Great Britain by the Irish Sea and North Channel, has an area of 14,160 square kilometres (5,470 sq mi) and is mostly hilly. [99] He was the first Christian martyr dating from the Romano-British period, condemned to death for his faith and sacrificed to the pagan gods. [citation needed], Education in Scotland is the responsibility of the Cabinet Secretary for Education and Lifelong Learning, with day-to-day administration and funding of state schools the responsibility of Local Authorities. The 30 Largest Urban Agglomerations Ranked by Population Size at Each Point in Time, 1950–2030. "The Crimean War and its lessons for today. There are at least 1,500 different species of wildflower. The UK motorsport industry employs around 41,000 people, comprises around 4,500 companies and has an annual turnover of around £6 billion. [329] In 2010[update] the UK had around 3.1 billion barrels of proven crude oil reserves, the largest of any EU member state. [27], The Greco-Egyptian scientist Ptolemy referred to the larger island as great Britain (μεγάλη Βρεττανία megale Brettania) and to Ireland as little Britain (μικρὰ Βρεττανία mikra Brettania) in his work Almagest (147–148 AD). [334][335], In the late 1990s, nuclear power plants contributed around 25 per cent of total annual electricity generation in the UK, but this has gradually declined as old plants have been shut down and ageing-related problems affect plant availability.
In 1066, the Normans and their Breton allies invaded England from northern France and after its conquest, seized large parts of Wales, conquered much of Ireland and were invited to settle in Scotland, bringing to each country feudalism on the Northern French model and Norman-French culture. [194] The Constitution of the United Kingdom is uncodified and consists mostly of a collection of disparate written sources, including statutes, judge-made case law and international treaties, together with constitutional conventions. In mid-2012 and mid-2013 natural change contributed the most to population growth. Following a morning tour of the immaculate stable yard, we rode out around the hotel’s cross country trail, on perfectly-schooled horses who seemed to enjoy their jaunt every bit as much as we did. The coat of arms on the left is used in England, Northern Ireland, and Wales; the version on the right is used in Scotland, Scots, Ulster Scots, Welsh, Cornish, Scottish Gaelic and Irish are classed as, "This category could include Polish responses from the country specific question for Scotland which would have been outputted to ‘Other White’ and then included under ‘White’ for UK ‘White Africans’ may also have been recorded under ‘Other White’ and then included under ‘White’ for UK. In the Late Bronze Age, Britain was part of a culture called the Atlantic Bronze Age, held together by maritime trading, which also included Ireland, France, Spain and Portugal. [288][289][290][291][292], England and Scotland were leading centres of the Scientific Revolution from the 17th century.
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