Ironically, many cosmologists now think he may have been right after all.
When the rest is so well organized and ruled !? Just six numbers, however, is an understatement. Rees points out that, fortunately for us, the value of the number is extremely small. Therefore Interpretation C is not plausible.
If any of these values was “untuned,” there would be no stars and life as we know it in our current universe. He has succeeded in describing the key ideas in cosmology, as we understand it today, without using the equations and formulae that prevent the non-specialist from understanding the
They learned of the significance of their discovery only after another physicist (Bernard Burke of MIT) referred them to several physicists at Princeton University (Robert Dicke, Jim Peebles, P. G. Roll, and David Wilkinson) who were then also doing an experiment to detect this radiation as the remnant radiation from the Big Bang. However, If the gravitational force were larger, e.g., a million times larger, i.e., if N=1030, then the matter spheres would collapse much faster into smaller spheres when they reach the temperature which can generate the nuclear fusion reactions and stabilize the matter.
It was first formulated in 1956 as the Many-World Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics in Hugh Everett’s Ph.D. thesis at Princeton (under Professor John A. Wheeler). Instead of the stars being widely dispersed, they would be so densely packed that close encounters would be frequent, thus precluding stable planetary systems, which are a prerequisite for life.
Unwilling to turn to religion for an explanation of this “cosmic tuning” phenomenon, Rees hypothesizes that a “multiverse” exists—that there are a vast number of universes within which these values may be slightly different.
“Interpretation A: These numbers just so happen to take these values.
For ever since the creation of the universe his invisible qualities—both his eternal power and his divine nature—have been clearly seen, because they can be understood from what he has made.
173 pages. All six numbers, which relate only to cosmology and not to any of the other physical sciences that have a bearing on the existence of human life, appear to be perfectly tuned for just that purpose. In a two-dimensional spatial world, it is impossible to have a complicated network without the wires crossing.
For the record, they are N, the ratio of the strength of gravity to that of electromagnetism; (epsilon), the ratio of mass lost to energy when hydrogen is fused to form helium; (Omega), describing the amount of dark matter; (lambda), the cosmological constant; and Q, related to the scale at which the universe looks smooth. Each of the numbers is described fully, and the Wonderful article! The first step is that one proton and one neutron would react to form a deuterium nucleus, i.e., an isotope of hydrogen consisting of one proton and one neutron. This means no chemistry and therefore no life organisms as we know it can be formed. Under these circumstances, galaxies would form much more quickly and would be much smaller in size (due to less time for the universe to expand). You can't get away from the black and white of the situation, manouvered or evolved. Therefore, any universe with complex chemistry and life would require € to be in the range of 0.006 – 0.008. What is important is that the reader understands the gist of the conclusions drawn from this book, which I will try to explain clearly and plainly. Our Maths in a minute series explores key mathematical concepts in just a few words. If someone with more expertise finds errors or unclear explanations, I would greatly appreciate receiving some comments. Instead, it would be dominated by vast black holes. Martin Rees's Six Numbers. You are dropped into the current standard model of cosmology, learning what the experts know, but without needing any prior knowledge or seeing any equations.
At a distance r, the force lines are spread over an area of (π x r2). The third number, Ω (omega), measures the amount of material in the universe.
Therefore Interpretation B is empty of scientific explanatory power. The story describes these six numbers thoroughly, but to do so, it is necessary to introduce many more numbers. He argues that most of these universes would be sterile, and that just a few, like our own, would be just right for life to exist. This scientific fact is astonishing in itself.
What is the significance of the value of Ω with respect to the existence of our universe and life as we know it? Martin Rees, the author of this book, believes in the multiverse interpretation of the fine tuning of these six numbers. The assumption of the existence of dark matter is actually not so ad hoc or unreasonable. September 2003 Just Six Numbers: The Deep Forces That Shape the Universe It seems amazing that the universe could be characterised by a mere six numbers, yet, according to Astronomer Royal Martin Rees, this is the case. Martin Rees, in his book Just Six Numbers, mulls over the following six dimensionless constants, whose values he deems fundamental to present-day physical theory and the known structure of the universe: N ≈ 10 36: the square of ratio of the electrostatic and the gravitational forces between two protons.
Everything is clearly explained, and some historical background is given where it is useful or entertaining.
In our actual universe with € = 0.007, the strong force is not strong enough for two protons to overcome their electrical repulsion to fuse together.
He asks, “Should we seek other reasons for the providential values of our six numbers?” These “providential” values, which make our very lives possible, were accurately tuned and in existence from the very beginning of the universe. The multiverse interpretation states that all possible values of these numbers can/do exist in some universe. The discovery of this Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation provided strong support to the Big Bang Expanding Universe theory of the origin and evolution of the universe. They found that the cosmic microwave background radiation corresponds to a temperature of 2.7 degree Kelvin, i.e., less than 3 degrees above absolute zero. Interpretation C may be possible, but we have no reason to assign a probability greater than zero. That is perfectly okay, because it is not that important that the reader must understand everything that is discussed in this review.
Interpretation C: There could actually be many universes, with each having a different set of values for these numbers. – from MRobsn. implications if it had a different value make surprising reading.
By observing the motions of various stars and galaxies, it seems that their motions cannot be completely explained by the gravitational pulls of other stars and galaxies that are known to exist today.
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