There’s nothing impossible about that–implausible, maybe, but as long as nobody made any observations during the time it took the evolution to happen, we’ll end up with the wave function in this superposition. Like Bob Dylan, like the Los Angeles group that took the name the Byrds, like the New York group the Lovin’ Spoonful, he’d started thinking about breaking the first commandment of the folk music movement: thou shalt not “go commercial,” which above all meant playing rock & roll on electric guitars. But now, according to quantum mechanics, it seems that the microscopic laws of physics aren’t necessarily reversible. Let’s imagine that we do observe whether Miss Kitty stops by the bowl or the scratching post, and we see her stop by the scratching post. But let’s not be too hasty. Your recently viewed items and featured recommendations, Select the department you want to search in. Once we throw away any information about what she is entangled with, Miss Kitty is no longer in a true superposition; as far as any conceivable experiment is concerned, she is in either one state or the other, even if we don’t know which. Nobody was quite prepared for it. Background. It’s perfectly natural to expect that these rules will come into play when we finally do begin to understand why our universe had such a low entropy near the Big Bang. Nevertheless, we often can’t resist falling into the language of quantum fluctuations–we say that we can’t pin the object down to a single position, because the uncertainty principle forces it to fluctuate around just a bit. Almost everyone believes that this is just an approximation to a more complete theory of quantum gravity, where spacetime itself is described by a wave function that assigns different amplitudes to different amounts of curvature. [vi] At a workshop attended by expert researchers in quantum mechanics in 1997, Max Tegmark took an admittedly highly-unscientific poll of the participants’ favored interpretation of quantum mechanics (Tegmark, 1998). But the trip was not a success–Bohr was utterly unconvinced, and the rest of the physics community exhibited little interest in Everett’s ideas. “For the most part, we were rejects from other towns,” remembers Rock Scully, a State College graduate student and integration-march organizer at the time. And that’s all there is to it. In Hawaii in 1941, a private is cruelly punished for not boxing on his unit's team, while his captain's wife and second-in-command are falling in love. They share the same prior memories and experiences–before they observed the cat’s location, they were in all respects the same person–but now they have split off into two different “branches of the wave function,” never to interact with each other again. So the stories dwelt on drugs, sex, dirt, insanity and something called “love and flowers.” These were all middle-class stereotypes about bohemians except the love and flowers part, which was novel. In quantum mechanics, on the other hand, there is an unavoidable obstacle to making complete and nondisruptive observations of a physical system. Individually, Miss Kitty’s two possible intermediate paths left us with a nonzero probability that she would end up under the table; but when both paths were allowed (because we didn’t observe which one she took), the two amplitudes interfered. The Haight was populous enough to sprout such institutions and to attract some real eccentrics — such as Nathan Terre, who epitomized the Victoriana element by living in a pre-1913 house and neither owning nor wearing anything made after that year. The actual composition of the Haight was diverse. At some point, however, we need to face the music. In the Copenhagen interpretation, we would say, “The camera is a classical measuring device whose influence collapses the wave function.” In the many-worlds interpretation, as we’ll see, the explanation is “the wave function of the camera becomes entangled with the wave function of the cat, so the alternative histories decohere.”. Even for the people who were there, it was going too fast to follow. “Slick talking, fast walking … boy, what talkers, man,” remembers Hillel Resner, who with his partners spent $65,000 trying to bring the Straight Theater up to code as a dance hall and then had to fight off numerous attempts to liberate it. This is that saloon down the street where the manager has his office under the stairs and all the gun hands sit around out front and periodically he comes out and motions a couple of them to ride away and rustle some cows. Rather, we should just think of it as an ordinary classical distribution of different alternatives. In January and February they were all over the newspapers, piquing intense interest with their proclaimed anonymity, nonexclusiveness and lack of leaders. That’s the origin of “virtual particles,” which pop in and out of existence even in empty space, and ultimately it will lead to the phenomenon of Hawking radiation from black holes. The rural and exurban communes that stud the West Coast sprang directly out of the Haight, as have the crafts stores and fairs that often partly support them and the Food Conspiracies that buy their food cooperatively. Schematically, that means the state of the system must be of the form. Two contributions to the final wave function are only going to interfere if they involve truly the same alternative for everything in the universe; if they are contributing to different alternatives, they can’t possibly interfere, even if the differences involve the rest of the universe, and not Miss Kitty herself. Things started happening faster and faster. This business about throwing away information may make you a little uneasy, but it should also sound somewhat familiar. When we do such a measurement and get an answer, the wave function collapses into an “eigenstate of momentum,” where the new state assigns nonzero amplitude only to the particular momentum we actually observed. The official with the amusing first name and middle initial is Ellis D. Sox.
Eternity to Here is an excellent in depth, but easy to read, review of what 'we' know and don't know about time. You will have to trust me that this extra apparatus is extremely important to the workings of quantum mechanics–either that, or start learning some of the mathematical details of the theory. But there is a tension between them that makes people nervous. “Three awareness levels!” the ads announce: “1. [viii] Many people have thought about changing the rules of quantum mechanics so that this is no longer the case; they have proposed what are called “hidden variable theories” that go beyond the standard quantum-mechanical framework.
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