gaia hypothesis criticism
[7] Lovelock did not attack Kirchner's views until his autobiography Homage to Gaia, in which he dismissed Kirchner's position as sophistry. Science with Sam, What is a vaccine and how do they work? Lovelock has said that because his hypothesis is named after a Greek goddess, and championed by many non-scientists, the Gaia hypothesis was interpreted as a neo-Pagan religion. Lovelock and Watson showed that, over a limited range of conditions, this negative feedback due to competition can stabilize the planet's temperature at a value which supports life, if the energy output of the Sun changes, while a planet without life would show wide temperature swings. ", "What is the structure of Gaia? In 1997, Tyler Volk argued that a Gaian system is almost inevitably produced as a result of an evolution towards far-from-equilibrium homeostatic states that maximise entropy production, and Kleidon (2004) agreed stating: "...homeostatic behavior can emerge from a state of MEP associated with the planetary albedo"; "...the resulting behavior of a biotic Earth at a state of MEP may well lead to near-homeostatic behavior of the Earth system on long time scales, as stated by the Gaia hypothesis".
It provides a model of how a Gaian system might work. This growth brings higher consumption of CO2 by the plants, who process it into the soil, removing it from the atmosphere. Since life started on Earth, the energy provided by the Sun has increased by 25% to 30%;[16] however, the surface temperature of the planet has remained within the levels of habitability, reaching quite regular low and high margins. Earlier "kidney functions" were performed during the "deposition of the Cretaceous (South Atlantic), Jurassic (Gulf of Mexico), Permo-Triassic (Europe), Devonian (Canada), Cambrian/Precambrian (Gondwana) saline giants."[25]. Among many other speakers: Tyler Volk, Co-director of the Program in Earth and Environmental Science at New York University; Dr. Donald Aitken, Principal of Donald Aitken Associates; Dr. Thomas Lovejoy, President of the Heinz Center for Science, Economics and the Environment; Robert Correll, Senior Fellow, Atmospheric Policy Program, American Meteorological Society and noted environmental ethicist, J. Baird Callicott. The stability of the atmosphere in Earth is not a consequence of chemical equilibrium. This is not the work of an individual but a collective of Russian scientific research that was combined into this peer reviewed publication.
Lovelock has stated that this could bring an extremely accelerated global warming,[19] but he has since stated the effects will likely occur more slowly. Most of the systems used as examples or explanations to support this "hypothesis" make no sense in regard to the reality of how life has evolved and the environment has changed. Lovelock sees as
The Gaia Theory has been attacked, particularly by
Could the whole
these criticisms. In the modern era, these stockpiles of carbon have been released by human actions, reigniting the greenhouse effect, warming the Earth again, and disrupting the "preferred equilibrium". for instance, should the needs of coccolithophores be exactly what
will serve to take CO2[NGC1] (excessive for other planetary life)
temperature and atmosphere. life on the surface. Volk, for example, argues for a nonteleological view of the Earth as “a waste-world: a system of by-products (and their effects)…. stabilize the Gaian system could have evolved. introduction to the same book, Peter Bunyard suggests that
This, they argue, would require
It has been suggested that the results were predictable because Lovelock and Watson selected examples that produced the responses they desired. can have any sort of "purpose" and what that means. An article in the New Scientist of February 6, 1975,[41] and a popular book length version of the hypothesis, published in 1979 as The Quest for Gaia, began to attract scientific and critical attention. Using sunlight
imperceptibly, that to me the old oak tree on the green is the same
Does it imply
The new view shows
An example is how the activity of photosynthetic bacteria during Precambrian times have completely modified the Earth atmosphere to turn it aerobic, and as such supporting evolution of life.Biologists and Earth scientists usually view the factors that stabilize the characteristics of a period as an undirected emergent property or entelechy of the system; as each individual species pursues its own self-interest, for example, their combined actions may have counterbalancing effects on environmental change. Although one can test models using sensitivity experiments, the best way to test them is to evaluate them against geologic and climatic data sets.
"Atmospheric homeostasis by and for the biosphere — The Gaia hypothesis". Lovelock called it first the Earth feedback hypothesis,[42] and it was a way to explain the fact that combinations of chemicals including oxygen and methane persist in stable concentrations in the atmosphere of the Earth.
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